When the devastating cyclone struck Jamaica on the 28th of October with winds of 185mph, it caused a scene of catastrophic damage. Residences, healthcare centers, and vital systems were leveled, resulting in 32 deaths and impacting an staggering 1.5 million people. For therapist Toni-Jan Ifill, it was instantly apparent that the tangible destruction would be paired with profound and long-term traumatic memories.
“Commonplace occurrences can activate them,” Ifill explains. “One woman spoke of a wheeled bin we often push through the passageways, whose clatter reminded her of breaking wood and the fierce gales. She has become averse to listening to that auditory reminder.”
Over six weeks after the hurricane, which also struck eastern Cuba, recollections of the frightening storm continue to haunt some staff at the University Hospital of the West Indies in Kingston. Simply the noise of falling rain can now elicit stress reactions among those who lived through it.
The Psychological Price Amidst Economic Reconstruction
This disaster resulted in a massive aid package worth up to $6.7 billion over a three-year period and an additional disbursement of millions from a groundbreaking risk financing tool. Yet, authorities note this economic assistance does not address the psychological cost: pervasive mental health crises—notably among those previously affected from a previous disaster in 2024.
While the primary focus targets rebuilding infrastructure, research over the past three years indicate that the probability of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rises substantially after hurricanes and displacement. Researchers are now calling for the incorporation of mental health support into national recovery strategies across small island developing states.
Increased Risks: Displacement and Psychological Well-being
Researchers emphasize how long-term dislocation, vanishing incomes, and poor access to care worsen emotional distress. A recent regional study identified a clear threat of PTSD, depression, and anxiety after extreme weather. Another study documented similar anxiety, fear, and emotional distress among people displaced by previous storms.
Dr. Eamin Heanoy, a academic who has analyzed disaster survivors in multiple countries, notes that survivors could face a trio of psychological hurdles: PTSD, depression, and anxiety.
Dr. Rose-Ann Smith, a lecturer in geography and disaster risk management, concurs. She points out that while individuals can be strong, as the planet continues to warm, emotional fallout is becoming an increasingly significant issue—despite the fact that detailed prevalence surveys is still lacking.
These experts found that women experienced more severe emotional impact than men. “This suggests women are more susceptible than males during these events,” Smith explains.
The Uncertain Path to Healing
Dr. Heanoy says that while some short-term recovery in psychological state can happen within a year of the event, the lasting effects remain uncertain. The likelihood to which survivors recover depends heavily on the specific triggers and the care they receive.
The experts observe that the loss of homes and livelihoods can intensify the mental struggle to rebuild. Smith describes housing loss “one of the primary stressors,” notably when people have no economic cushion. “Rebuilding comes with its own mental burden,” she adds.
Ifill sees the identical trend among her clients: “Those who had previous psychological issues have found it’s significantly worse in this aftermath.”
Apart from the emotional damage, tangible problems continue. The hurricane destroyed vital water infrastructure, delaying the complete restoration of water services. Financial aid, while crucial, cannot resolve the systemic weaknesses exposed by the storm.
Social Support as a Vital Foundation
Perhaps most importantly is that rebuilding alone does not address the emotional wounds caused by permanent disabilities. Expert analysis indicates that survivors often find social networks to be more responsive than official aid.
“The government’s role is essential,” Smith states. “In its absence, or when it is delayed, local people keep each other whole.”
Ifill notes the power of social bonds in overcoming challenges. She says she was “moved by the positive attitude” among strong communities. “Everything is destroyed, right? But if a community has a positive outlook, they make jokes about the storm.”
Ifill also commends steps to support emotional well-being after the disaster but warns about the dangers of doomscrolling. “The guidance included limiting social media, following official updates, and using messaging apps to maintain social support.”
An Increasing Global Recognition
In recent years, psychosocial care has become a higher priority from global organizations due to the escalating climate crisis. The rising occurrence of hurricanes has prompted the development of frameworks for psychological first aid.
Major health organizations have developed detailed resources to train aid personnel in providing psychosocial support in the aftermath of disasters. These projects aim to build community and personal strength by building capacity, combating stigma, and facilitating the use of mental health services.
Monetary support are also highlighted as crucial for protecting psychological recovery. A producer from another Caribbean nation, who lost all his crops in a past disaster, emphasizes the frustration that arises when official support never arrives. “Assessments were made... But to this date, we were not granted compensation,” he recounts.
A Plea for Holistic Rebuilding
Experts observe that the Caribbean region is responsible for a tiny fraction of worldwide greenhouse gases yet endures disastrous climate impacts. A swift, well-funded recovery is deemed essential to prevent chronic psychological damage.
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